Surgical Patient with Diabetes Mellitus: Update on Pre- and Perioperative Management

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent condition among surgical patients and constitutes an independent risk factor for perioperative complications, particularly in the presence of hyperglycemia due to poor chronic glycemic control and/or surgical stress. The objective of this article is to provide an updated practical guide on the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management of patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing surgery, emphasizing comprehensive assessment of glycemic control, comorbidities, target-organ damage, and usual treatment. A multidisciplinary approach, preoperative metabolic optimization, and appropriate perioperative management are essential to reduce complications and improve surgical outcomes.